CBSE ANNUAL PAPER - 1998

POLIITICAL SCIENCE

(SET-I)

Max. Marks : 100

General Instructions :

(i) All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Marks for each question are indicated against it.

(iii) Question numbers 1 to 10 are of two marks each. the answer to these questions should not exceed 50 words each.

(iv) Question numbers 11 to 20 are of four marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.

(v) Question numbers 21 to 25 are of eight marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 200 words each.

Mention any two points of criticism of Fascism.

1. It makes a peculiar mixture of almost incongruous elements. It, on the one hand, extols the nation, state, custom and tradition, on the other hand, it glorifies power and force, revolt and violence.

2. The fascism has for its object a totalitarian state that spreads its tentacles over every aspect of social life. Its motto is every thing for the state, nothing against the state, nothing outside the state. The concept necessarily leads to the rejection of the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the idea of parliamentarism and the rule of the majority.

1. A state in which there is too much use of force is a diseased state. Force is like a medicine and must be given to society only in case of disease. The extensive use of force in society is always a symptom of deep seated evil in the state an evil, which if allowed to continue, will explode the entire framework of the state.

2.It is the purpose for which power is exercised that determines, in the ultimate analysis, the soundness and stability of a state system and the justification of its power.

1. To provide adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.

2. Secure equitable distribution of the material resources of the country so as to prevent the concentration of wealth.

2. National unity : The system of Universal Adult Franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If only a section of the people is given the right to cote, then the entire public would not consider the government as its own.

(a) Formulate Public Policies. The parties contest elections on the basis of some set programmes and manifestoes.

The voters are informed about these programmes, if they approve of the programme, a particular party is elected. Thus, the party victorious at the polls will embody the policy advocated at the time of election in a bill and get it passed.

Sanitation : The Village Panchayats perform the following functions : -

Cleaning the places of transport and keeping them in good order, building of bridges and their repair, arranging for dispensaries for the people of the village, removal of dead animals away from inhabitation, arranging for vaccinations and inoculations for checking the outbreak of epidemics, cleanliness of wells, ponds and tanks, their repair and provision for clean fresh water, filling in the pits of dung and rubbish, arranging for fields and wrestling grounds for improving health etc.

Educational : The Panchayats arrange for Primary Schools for children. They make provision for adult education and set up right schools for this purpose.

Measures to encourage communalism : -

1. Moral Education : - In schools and colleges moral education should be imparted. If morally high, youngmen would hate communalism.

2. Inter - Religion Marriage :- If this method is adopted by all, soon caste or religious distinction would disappear. Communalism would die.

Welfare Scheme : The welfare of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes is given special attention by both the Commission and the Government.

(1) Girls Hostels Scheme for Scheduled Castes : - Under this scheme Central assistance is provided to the state governments / Union Territories on 50 : 50 basis for construction of hostel buildings, with a view to providing hostel facilities to scheduled caste girls studying in middle, high school, higher secondary schools, colleges and universities.

(2) Research and Training : - The government provides cent per cent financial assistance to reputed social science research agencies/ institutions which have a proven expertise in studies on the economic development, problems and requirements of the scheduled castes and also on the impact of the implementation of various economic programmes undertaken by the government bodies. Studies which come out with practical recommendations and which need immediate remedial action , are also considered for financial assistance under the scheme.

Laws are those social rules, customs or conventions which have been long in practice and have become part and parcel of social life. They are then gives sanction by the state to be followed by all citizens in their day-to-day life and thus take the shape of laws. They are a system of legal imperatives to regulate human conduct in society. To Austin it was a command of a sovereign to all others in society having for its sanction the force of the physical power of the state. Holland declared, "A law is a general rule of external action enforced by a sovereign political authority." According to this view law is a relationship between superior and inferiors who are in a condition of habitual obedience.

Source of Law : - Formally speaking the state is the source of all laws, as the authority of the state imputes legal value to all the rules called laws. By sources of law, we mean those remote and immediate factors that determine the content of law. The sources of law are as following :

(a) Custom : - Customs are habitual courses of social action. Life, in primitive societies, was almost wholly regulated by customary rules. These were rules of conduct resting upon general acceptance. Out of evident utility, habits or general desire for order and justice, these rules came into operation in the early ages. Though customs, only when they are recognised by the state, acquire the status of law. No state can fail to recognise them. Customary laws form an integral part as much of English laws as of Indian laws.

(b) Religion : - Customs, in primitive communities, used to pass for laws as in most cases these had religious sanction. The early laws of Rome were a bodyof technical religious rules. In India both Hindu law and Mohammedan laws derive their origin from religious sources.

(c) Scientific commentaries : The writings of eminent jurists sometimes contain important legal principles. these may subsequently be incorporated into law. When commentaries are accepted by a judge, these come to form a part of existing law. For instance, the opinions of Coke, Blackstone and Kant in recent times have been of considerable importance.

What do you understand by 'protective discrimination'? Give any two examples pertaining to it.

If the state does something good and positive for the last advantages and weak, it is very much clear that it is working for the welfare of the people who have been dispossessed of their rights by others. IT is known as protective discrimination. For example, the state tries discrimination in favour of S/C's and S/T's and it also tries to remove political] social and economic imbalances.

In general sense a welfare state is different from a Laissez faire state. The latter is confined to the performance of what are called "police functions", i.e. defence, law and order, protection of property and enforcement of contracts. The welfare state is expected to look after public health and prevent spread of disease and poverty. It is expected to create basic facilities which will enable everyone to have atleast the minimum of education necessary for effective participation in the affairs of the state. The state must, further, ensure right to work, the right to secure income and the right to shelter to all its citizens. It must also provide for unemployment benefits. It must regulate private enterprise to secure social justice to all.

How do Directive Principle of State Policy help in establishing a Welfare State in India ?

John Maynard Keynes ( 1883 - 1946) was one of the pioneers of the idea of the welfare state. His economic strategy was a corrective to the problems created by the world economic crisis and then of the problems of social security experienced during the inter-war years. The Beveridge Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services in England of 1942 was a major landmark in the development of the concept of the welfare state. It emphasised that organization of social insurance should be treated as one part of social progress. Social insurance when fully developed may provide income security; it is an attack upon want. It is the responsibility of the state to provide security and service. Lord Beverage, however, pointed out that the state in providing security should not stile incentive, opportunity and responsibility. While it must establish some criteria of the national minimum which should be available to all, it should "leave room and encouragement for voluntary action by each individual".

Distinguish between civil rights and political rights. Give one example of each.

Civil Rights are these rights which ensure personal liberty of citizens e.g. The law of personal liberty says that one should be punished only for a breach of a definite law and only in a definite manner after a fair trial.

Political Rights are given to citizens by the state e.g. Right to Vote.

Explain briefly simple majority system. Point out of any its major shortcoming.

The results are declared on the basis of simple majority. The candidates run a race and he who leads is declared elected. Here no regard is paid to proportionate vote. In elections many times a candidate wins even when he gets minimum votes.

List out any two recognised regional political parties along with their election symbols.

(2) Biju Janta Dal (BJD) Symbol - Shankh

Describe the composition of a Municipal Corporation. Mention its any one obligatory function.

Functions of Municipal Committee. These functions may be divided in the following departments :

1. Public Health :- There is a Health Officer to supervise Public Health. There are many Sanitary Inspectors besides. It is the duty of these officers to look after the health of the people and arrange for vaccination against small pox, inoculation against cholera and plague etc.

2. Prevention of Disease : Checking the sale of rotten articles and implementing the scheme of throwing dirt and rubbish away from the city are the functions of this department. This department also supervises the dispensaries under the control of the Municipal Committee.

3. Education : The Municipal Committee is responsible for the primary education of children within its jurisdiction. Generally this education is free and compulsory.

4. Water and Electricity : - The Municipal Committees arrange for water and electricity also.

5. Public Works : Its head is an Engineer, under whose supervision construction of government buildings, roads, drains, markets, schools and other works of public welfare are executed.

6. Public Safety : There is arrangement of police for public safety. The police serves the people and sees that the people are not harassed by thieves, dacoits and goondas etc. so that they may carry on their daily activities fearlessly. The Municipal Committees arrange for the fire brigades also for the security of life and property of the people against fire.

7. Public Welfare : The Municipal Committees perform many functions of public welfare, as provision of parks in different parts of the city, financial help to poor students, widows and orphans; arrangement for museums, and rest houses etc. and also for markets etc.

India is a vast country. Regional imbalances are found in various parts of the country. Following are the main causes of regional imbalances -

(1) Economic Disparity.

(2) Inadequate Development.

(3) Inadequate distribution of natural resources.

(4) Defective planning.

(5) Lack of Comprehensive attitude regarding national perspective.

(6) Narrow regionalism.

What is planning ? Explain the composition of the Planning Commission of India.

Planning Commission : The Planning Commission is the outcome of an extra-constitutional growth. The resolution adopted by the Government of India on 15 March, 1950 declared the "need for comprehensive planning based on a careful appraisal of resources and objective analysis of all the relevant factors has become imperative' and "The purposes can best be achieved through an organisation free from the burden of day - to - day administration, but in constant touch with the Government at the highest level."

Composition of Planning Commission : - The debacle of Congress in the elections in 1967, a charge was introduced and the Prime Minister continued to work as its Chairman, but other Union Ministers were dropped. Now, besides the Prime Minister, the Commission had other ministers also as its members, besides permanent members Again a change was introduced by the Janta Government and besides the PM as its Chairman, and one Deputy Chairman, it included three Union Ministers holding the portfolios of Finance, Home and Defence as part-time members, or addition to this there were three other full-time members.

'Welfare State is the ideal of modern liberalism.' Comment on this statement.

Contemporary Liberation - In the 17th and 18th centuries the liberalists laid more stress on individual freedom. They supported the theory of free trade. As a result of this policy, the troubles of the people increased. Rapid industrialisation made the position of the worker worse. So people began to demand for the positive side of the state instead of its negative side. People now began to think that the state should interfere in the political, social and economic spheres for their improvement. The liberal thinkers like Bentham, Mill, Greene etc. began to preach the theory of the greatest good for the greatest number. According to them, there're many evils in present day society which should be eradicated by law. Mill has recognised the necessity of state interference in various spheres. According to him, any person of group of persons doing wrong things which may harm society, should be restricted by the state. Schools, hospitals, libraries and roads should be built. The state should also pass laws to improve the condition of the workers by fixing the norms of work and minimum wages.

T.N. Green has made the most important contribution towards the change of the liberal idea of the state into that of a welfare one. At that time things had changed in England. The laissez faire theory had been falling into disuse. Everyone thought the state should interfere to eradicate its evils by making suitable laws. It should work for the improvement of the condition of the working classes by fixing their hours of work and minimum wages. Greene had justified the interference of the state under such circumstances. According to him, the state should work towards the proper development of man. He has opposed big landlords and changed the conception of the state from individualism to the welfare one.

Thus in the 20th century liberalism has changed into the conception of the welfare state.

Examine the place of fundamental duties in the constitution of India. Mention any four such duties.

Importance of Fundamental Duties : Some of the duties like development of a scientific temper or striking for excellence in all spheres of activities may appear to be vague. However, the importance of duty to abide by the Constitution, duty to protect national flag and national anthem, duty to protect integrity of India can got be overstressed. They cut to promote harmony and spirit of composite culture is extremely important in a multi religious, multi-lingual society. Like Directive Principles of Sate Policy, these duties are also non-justifiable. Some critics, therefore, question the wisdom of incorporating them in the Constitution. It is said that they are no better than moral principles such as "Thou shall not kill". The state, for instance, has no means to enforce scientific temper or humanism. However, one thing can be said in favour of those duties. They are constant reminder to us of the national goals as well as basic norms of political order. they may inspire us to inculcate in ourselves a sense of social responsibility. They may not have much legal significance but they do have a symbolic value in as much as they emphasise the popular aspirations of the time as expressed through the legislative will. It is worth mentioning here that a concrete impact of the fundamental duties can be seen in the recently adopted National Policy on Education - 1986. The NPE - 1986 visualises a national system of education which reflects ten core curricular areas. These ten core curricular areas are mostly drawn from the fundamental duties given in the Constitution. The very fact that these core curricular areas are being integrated in the school curricular and text - books at all stages throughout the country, signify the importance of the fundamental duties.

What are interest groups ? Distinguish between political parties and interest groups. Mention any two Indian interest groups relating to industry and commerce.

To form a pressure group in America has been called a profession. People to gain their ends meet these Pressure Groups and by persuading them to put pressure on the Government get their interests fulfilled. While defining pressure groups, Prof. Odegard Says ,"Pressure Group is an official organisation the members of which have one or more than one common objectives. They manipulate the process of events and influence them in such a manner as their own interests are protected and served". According to Prof. Zaigler, "Pressure Group is that organised association of people which, "Pressure Group is that organised association of people which, without getting their members appointed as government officials, try to influence the government decisions".

Difference between political parties and interest groups :
A group of people coming together, having almost similar views coming to capture the government through which they cater to the interests of the people in general, constitute a political party.

Burks defined political party as " a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some political principle, in which they greed". While defining pressure groups, Prof. Odegard says. "Pressure Group is an official organisation the members of which have one of more than one common objectives. They manipulate the process of events and influence them in such a manner as their own interest are protected and served".

Pressure Groups in India : India is a democratic state and like all other, democratic states pressure groups have the same significance here too. Many pressure groups of India have been founded on the basis of business, race, religion, etc. From the study point of view, Interest or Pressure Groups in India can be classified as under -

1. Business Groups

2. Labour Unions

3. Institutional Pressure Groups

9. Farmer's Association

10. Govt. Employees' Union

Explain the policies and programme of the Bharatiya Janta Party (B.J.P.)

Bhartiya Janta Party (B.J.P.) : The B.J.P. like its predecessor the Jana Sangh has a strong electoral support base in the Hindi Belt, especially among the small and medium traders and shopkeepers in the urban and the rural areas, among the traditional business community, the vaishyas and Jains among the masses attuned to the traditional view of politics but also among the middle level professionals and service personnel. Since 1977 particularly, though in some cases even since 1967 ( in the form of the Jana Sangh, ), it has also extended its influence to pockets in South India, particularly in Kerala. Karnataka and Andhra Predesh. The Jana Sangh B.J.P. popular votes in the Lok Sabha elections has varied from 3.1 % in 1952 to 9.4 percent in 1967. In other elections it has remained between 6 to 7 percent. In the 1989 elections however, the B.J.P. increased its percentage of votes to 11.56 percent and obtained 88 seats accounting for 16.41 percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha.

Policies and Programmes : -

Foreign Policy :

1. To work towards re-imparting dynamism to the non-aligned movement.

2. To work for optimum defence preparedness, including production of nuclear bombs.

3. To pursue a policy of peace, friendship and cooperation with neighbouring countries.

4. To strengthen SAARC and establish and a common market.

5. To work for the establishment of New International Economic Order.

6. To initiate steps for trade and monetary reform, and North - South dialogue with emphasis on South - South Cooperation.

7. Continue efforts for the world - wide rejection of apartheid.

8. To work actively towards reviving the morals of the defence forces.

1. Political Issues :

a. To promote clean public life by evolving effective mechanism to break the nexus between the corrupt bureaucrat, the corrupt businessman and the corrupt politician.

b. To strengthen the institution of Lok Pal and Lok - yukta Institutions.

c. To restructure Centre-state relations in such a way that there shall be a balance between the Centre and the states.

d. To revise Prasar Bharti Bill, 1979 and to convert AIR and Doordarshan into autonomous corporations.

2. Economic Issues :

a. To speedily develop agriculture and rural sector as the Key to India's prosperity. To write off the debts of the farmers, agriculture labourers and of rural artisans.

b. To allocate sixty per cent of Plan money for rural development, agriculture and allied services.

c. To put a total ban on cow slaughter and provide tax exempted to the income of Goshalas and Pinjara poles.

d. Introduce Employment Guarantee Scheme throughout the country.

3. Social Issues :

a. To guarantee to all minorities, linguistic and religious, peace and security and full opportunities for progress and development.

b. To widen the scope of the present Minorities Commission and convert it into a Human Rights Commission to take care of the just rights of all individuals.

c. To take measures to remove gender discrimination and give equal status to the women in society.

d. To provide a set of social service and infrastructure for the speedy development of the rural folk.

Critically examine India's relations with the United States of America (U.S.A.)

India's relations with U.S.A : From 1947 till 1952 India and U.S.A. had very cordial relations. American President Roosevelt helped a lot in the Freedom Movement of India. In the beginning. America granted economic and technical assistance to India for its development programmes. But due to the differences of opinion of the two countries on many important issues, the relations could not remain as good as they were before. India's policy of non-alignment was not liked by America. America wanted that India should join their bloc by signing SEATO or other like treaties but India refused to join any bloc and followed the policy of non-alignment. This was not appreciated by America and for a long time America stopped granting any aid or assistance to India. On the other hand, it started granting military assistance to Pakistan because Pakistan had joined their bloc. India opposed this act of giving military assistance to Pakistan, but with no effects. But even then the relations between Indian and U.S.A. till 1962 were friendly. The leaders of both the countries travelled another's nation and exchanged their views on many issues. America criticized China for attacking India in 1962. But in Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971, U.S.A. granted military assistance to Pakistan and supported it openly. In the war of 1971 U.S.A. frightened India by sending seven war ships in the Indian Ocean. This led to the distortion of relations between the two countries. But after that, the relations between the two countries became friendly day by day.

But now again there is a set back to the Indo - American relations due to many reasons. Recently in April 1981, Reagan Administration has taken decision to abrogate the 18 year old 'Indo-U.S. nuclear co-operation agreement' according to which U.S.A. was committed to supply nuclear fuel for the Tarapur Power House. Thus U.S.A, has unilaterally abrogated the original Pact of 1963.

On the other hand Reagan Administration has decided to rush massive supplies of all types of weapons and armaments to Pakistan. The U.S.A.'s firm determination to arm Pakistan on a scale highly disproportionate to its needs is also evident from the amount if proposes to spend for the purpose, the latest figure being 500 million dollars for 1982 - 250 percent more than what president Carter offered in 1980.

India has told the U.S.A that the supply of armaments on a massive scale to Pakistan constituted an unfriendly act and India has conveyed to the U.S.A her grave concern at the U.S. Govt's move to further militarise the Gulf region.

Both countries - U.S.A. now view the problems of security in South Asia from opposite angles.

By and large Soviet troops in Afghanistan is at the back of Americans' mind. Since U.S.A. seems determined to pursue a policy of containing the Soviet influence in the region militarily and since India cannot adopt a policy that would lose her goodwill of Moscow, the divergence between Delhi and Washington is becoming obvious. Thus India has to choose a balanced policy though the slant towards Moscow as a dependable ally is unavoidable.