CBSE ANNUAL PAPER - 1999

GEOGRAPHY

(SET-I)

Time Allowed : 3 Hours

Maximum Marks : 70

General Instructions :

(i) All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Marks for each question are indicated against it.

(iii) Question numbers 1 to 8 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer of each of these questions should not exceed 80 words.

(iv) Questions numbers 11 to 15 are also short - answer questions of 4 marks each. Answer of each of these questions should not exceed 120 words.

(v) Question 16,17 and 18 are long - answer questions of 5 marks each. Answer of these questions should not exceed 150 words.

(vi) questions 9, 10 and 19 contain test items of very short-answers i.e., answers varying from one word to a couple of sentences. Q. 9 and 10 are of 3 marks each and Q. 19 is of 5 marks.

(vii) Outline map of INDIA provided to you must be attached with you answer - book.

(viii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed.

(ix) Question numbers 9,10 and 19 are not for BLIND STUDENTS, but in lieu of these question number 20 is provided for them.

(X) Question No. 20 is for BLIND STUDENTS ONLY.

Give three points of distinction between a Gorge and a Rift valley by giving suitable examples from India.

Rift Valley : This valley has been formed by the sinking of land between two roughly parallel faults. This valley is long in proportion to its width such as Narmada rift - valley, Damodor rift valley and Tapi rift valley. It is linked with tensional forces. These valleys are elongated narrow valley which have been formed when part of land suddenly submerged as a result of faulting process.

Gorge : Gorge is a valley which is quite deep and narrow. IT has steep walls, almost vertical, such as the Indus Gorge Gorges are formed due to down cutting or rising of river banks and lowering of river bed. It is linked with compression forces.

'The western part of Rajasthan remains almost dry during South - West Monsoon Season.' Give three important reasons in support of this statement.

The western part of Rajasthan remains almost dry during South - West Monsoon reason. During South-West monsoon period rains do not occur regularly and their amount also varies from year to year. This area is dry as it receives an annual rainfall of less than 20 cms. During this season, after heavy rainfall there is decrease in its quantity. Sometimes large period of rainy season goes without rain. Cyclones originated on the head of the Bay of Bengal control the effectiveness of monsoon winds. From June to September the number of occurrence of cyclones is around 8. If cyclones are intense they give strength to monsoon winds and this causes heavy rainfall. On the other hand, their less intensity causes dry spells. The western part of Rajasthan lies away from the Bay of Bengal and also lies in the sub-trophical High Pressure belt - a zone of anti-cyclones and dry weather. So, the monsoon of Bengal branch loses it s moisture by the time it reaches here and the area becomes almost dry. Such dry spells are because of the inflow fluctuating trophical depressions.

Which state is the leading producer of cotton in India ? Mention four geographical conditions necessary for the production of cotton.

The state which is the leading producer of cotton in India is Maharashtra (the drier parts of black soil of the Deccan Plateau) and its adjoining areas of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

The four geographical conditions necessary for the production of cotton are : Cotton is the m ost important fibre crop of India.

(a) It requires a warm climate. Temperature above 21 deg. C during growth period is ideal. Cooler and good sunshine conditions are also helpful.

(b) It requires a long growing period of at least 200 frost free days to mature as the cotton plant is sensitive to frost.

(c) It needs well distributed light rainfall between 60 cm to 85 cm. It can also grow with the help of irrigation.

(d) It needs well drained deep soils. It is well flourished in the black soil. It requires good manure and fertilizers because it exhaust soil fertility. It also requires large supplies of labour.

What is meant by an economic region ? Why is the formation of economic region called a dynamic process ? Give two important reasons.

An Economic Region : is a segment of the territory which presents the economic development of the particular region . It expresses the location and distribution of production and also other human activities in terms of a territory.

The formation of economic region is called a dynamic process the economic activities are dynamic in nature. They change with change in economic development, the improvement in skills and level of people residing in that area.

Explain three difference between main worker and marginal worker.

If an individual is engaged in any economically gainful work for a period of 183 days in a year is called a main worker. Those workers who put in a lesser number of days in a year are called marginal workers. There are different definitions of a worker according to the needs of a given economy. The proportion of workers in a population is expressed by a ratio called participation rate. The working population includes the persons in the age group of 15-59 years. However, in the conditions of hardship even children below 15 years of age and old above 60 years are forced to work. Thus, the proportion of workers in a population shows the state of economy and the level of social well-being of population.

Why is Damodar Valley Project called multipurpose project ? Explain three important reasons with suitable examples.

The Damodar Valley Project is called a multi - purpose project as it aims at the generation of water power, provision of irrigation and navigation checking of floods and making the region attractive. It also aims at generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy, controlling soil erosion and promoting public health. The main objective of the project was an integrated development of resources found in the valley with the help of Central Bihar and West Bengal Governments. The project undertook the construction of seven major and two additional dams on Damodar rivers and its tributaries. Other schemes included headwater small0sized storage's, barrages and canals for increasing navigation and irrigation. Every care has been taken in construction of dams so that the coalfields are protected from being flooded by seepage of water through fault planes.

Divide the Bastar Tribal Block into five physiographic regions and describe briefly any one of them.

The five physiographic regions of the Bastar Tribal Block are : (based on drainage and relief features) :

(I) Northern Mahanadi Plain

(ii) Abhujmar Hills

(iii) North - Eastern Plateau

(iv) Southern Plateau

(v) Southern Lowlands of Godavari and Sabsi rivers

The Features of Abhujmar Hills : These hills are 450 to 750 metres high above sea level. This region has high ridges and deep valleys of numerous streams in the western part of the district. It forms an effective physical barrier from all sides. (You can choose any one other than this).

Study the table given below and name the two states (i) one which has the highest percentage of male population in the age group of 15 - 29 years and (ii) the other having the highest percentage of female population in the age group of 60 years and above. Compare these figures with those of India as a whole and draw appropriate conclusions.

(i) The state having the highest percentage of male population in the age - group of 15 - 29 years is Nagaland (15.99).

(ii) The state having the highest percentage of female population in the age group of 60 years and above is Kerala (3.98%).

In the first case, the percentage of male population in India as a whole (in the age-group of 15-29 years) is 13.34 % which is below 15.99 % (Nagaland). The male population in this tribal area is quite high ( though at a medium level). It is because of low status of women higher incidents of masculinity at birth in -migration of males for employment purposes and in-migration of armed forces in border districts.

In the second case, the percentage of female population in India as as a whole (in the age-group of 60 and above) is 3.18 %. The female population above 60 years of age is still high because of low fertility and low mortality rates and may because of low fertility and low mortality rates and may be because of male out-migration for employment to other places. The other major reason can be high literacy rate in kerala and high level of awareness.

Keeping the given below outline map as the base draw a sketch map of National Capital Region in your answer - book and show therein, the following towns :

1. R. Cauvery, 2. Nanda Devi 3. Aravalli Range 4. Vishkhapatnam, 5. Bay of Khambat 6. Arunachal Pradesh

Which one of the given three graphs - A,B and C, depicts the climatic data of Delhi ? Give one reason each with reference to (i) temperature, and its range, (ii) amount of rainfall and (iii) Rainfall regime in support of your answer in selecting the graph.

What is meant by 'Regions of Second Order'? Describe three main characteristics of the Himachal and Kumaon region.

The first order or (Macro) regions are further sub-divided into 'Regions of Second Order' or micro-regions due to the local physiographic, geomorphic, climate, vegetal and soil difference within the same broad region.

Three main characteristics of the Himachal and Kumaon region are : The mountain ranges of the Himalayas and the Kumaon lie to the east of the Satluj gorge (i) The relief of this region is not different from the Kashmir Himalayas, Numerous mountain peaks like Kedarnath, Nadrinath and alakhnanda supply water to several rivers.

(ii) Climate varies with rise in attitude. Annual temperature varies between less than 0 deg. C in winter and 21 deg. C in summers. Rainfall decreases from east to west and from south to north. Kangra Valley records annual rainfall of 250 cms, Kullu valley 100 cms and Shimla 160 cms. People migrate from plains to the hill in summer to escape the scorhing heat of the plains.

(iii) Natural vegetation in dense but it varies depending upon the attitude. The people here are engaged in agriculture. Wheat, rice and barley are grown. Potato and (tea also) is cultivated. Some lead a nomadic life and some rear animals.

Name the three types of rural settlements found in India. Discuss two major characteristics of each type.

The three types of rural settlements found in India and features of each :

(i) Clustered ( agglomerated or nucleated) : These are found in fertile plains and valleys. The houses here are compact having narrow, winding streets separating the two rows of houses. Sometimes such settlements have a definite layout plan which may be linear rectangular, L-shaped or shapeless.

(ii) Semi - clustered (partially agglomerated) : These settlements have a small but compact nucleus around which the hamlets are dispersed forming a ring around the main settlement. If the houses are situated along a road the settlement looks like a nuclear cluster.

(iii) Dispersed : Here hamlets are scattered over a vast area. There is no specific plan and the settlement unit is a single hamlet. These settlements are on mountaineous and arid regions.

Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals by giving suitable examples. Let your answer contain four points each.

Minerals are of two type - metallic ( such as iron ore and copper) and non-metallic (such as limestone and dolomite0 Metallic minerals are further sub-divided into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. The minerals which contain iron-ore are known as ferrous minerals (like iron ore, magnesium and bauxite). The minerals which do not contain iron - ore are non-ferrous minerals such as copper, lead, zinc and so on.

The importance of an effective triple transport system can not be over - looked. A good and well-organised transport by land, water and air is one of the pre-requisites of the prosperity - social, political and economical of a nation. Transport system helps the nation utilize its economic resources and it is also essential for the rapid industrialisation of India. The efficiency of transport depends on its dependability, reliability and cheapness. The means of transport, no doubt, are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy.

The Central Government controls National Highways and railways directly. They link leh (J&K) and Kanya Kumari (Tamil Nadu) and saidya (Assam) and okhla (Gujarat). Means of transport carry foodgrains and various manufactured goods to various places. They bring industrial raw materials at industrial sites. They help integrate the nation as people of one region visit other parts of the country and have a social interaction. This helps strengthen feelings of fellow - feeling and brotherhood. The transport system has tuned local markets of yesteryears into national markets of today. Air transport has made it possible to reach the remotest corners in no time. The development of the means of transport has led to the commercialisation of agriculture, manufacturing of goods, growth of towns and cities and increase in the mobility of people. Thus, it has been rightly said that the triple transport system plays an important role in strengthening the social, political and economic unity of India.

What are the factors responsible for the social unity in India ? Explain any five with suitable examples.

There are various factors responsible for the social unity in India. The horizontal spread of cultural and social-economic attributes from different parts of the country generate cultural fusion. This is because of the leanings through Sanskrit, Persian and English. The Vedic and Puranic influences are uniformly witnesses in social life. The preachings of Bhakti and Sufi saints to achieve brotherhood had influenced rural India, especially during the Medieval period.

The development of inter - regional economic connections and emergence of a national home market in the modern period has led to this unity. The role played by the Himalayas as wind barrier provides climatic unity. The seasonal \rhythm of monsoons is an all India phenomenon. Rain is welcomed throughout. Fok songs and music are associated with monsoonal rains. Establishment of an effective transport system and communication network has helped develop and strenghten bonds of social unity.

The caste system of India has a tremendous impact or social life. No doubt, religious beliefs constitute an important elements in the spiritual life of people, but religious sects are inter-lived with each other. Holy places are visited by all religious communities. Thus, all this helps strengthen the bonds of social integration in India.

Explain four important factors responsible for the development of Bihar - Bengal industrial cluster. Describe location and extent of this cluster.

Four important factors responsible for the development of Bengal - Bihar Industrial cluster and the location and extent of this cluster. This industrial cluster (Chota Nagpur Plateau industrial cluster) is surrounded by highly populated states of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal which provide cheap labour.

This cluster owes its development to the discovery of coal in Damodar Valley and iron - ore in Bihar - Orissa mineral belt. Power is available from the dam sites in the Damodar Valley and the thermal power stations based on the local coal. Cheap labour is provided by Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa. Calcutta provides a large market for the goods produced in the Chota Nagpur region. It also provides the port facility to the region. It has the advantages for developing ferrous metal industries. The Tata Iron and Steel Company, Indian Iron and Steel Company, Hindustan Steel Limited at Durgapur and Bokaro are some of the important steel plants located here. Heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilizers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electrical are other important industries here. Important nodal centers are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Hazaribagh, Daltanganj, Sindri, Garwa, Jalpa and Jamshedpur.

(a) Markets : Markets should be near by the Industries and accessible too. If the markets are far away, the cost of the finished foods becomes high. The size of the market and purchasing capacity of the customers are also important factors. Several big towns such as Calcutta and Kanpur have cotton mills as markets are quite near by. The agro-based industries and industries that produce goods for daily use are set up around big cities.

(b) Availability of investment capital is also important.

(c) Advantages of an early start : Such as cotton industry of Maharashtra and Gujarat and jute mills of West Bengal were set up during the British period. The Bitishers provided the necessary machines and technical skill. hence, the skill that labour acquires through long association with industry and the tradition it leaves behind make an industry persist there as the skill is passed on from generation to the other.

(d) The industrial policy of our government is based on the economic development of the country, elimination of pollution and avoiding congestion in big cities. Various industries in public sector and small scale industrial sector have been established in those areas which are deficient in industrial development.

On the outline map of India, provided to you, locate and label the following :

A major river, originating from Mansarover region and flowing towards west.

An area of moist tropical evergreen vegetation in peninsular India.

Rainy tracts of the Sahyadris and hilly regions of the Shillong Plateau.

For Blind Students only ( in lieu of Q. Nos. 9,10,11 and 19)

Explain the following topics in about 100 words each :

20.1 The Malwa Plateau : River Narmada flowing from east to west divides the Great Plateau into two parts : The Malwa Plateau and the Deccan Plateau. The north of the river Narmada as the Malwa Plateau. It is surrounded by the Aravallis in the north-east and the Vindhyas in the south. The third side of the Plateau slopes towards the Ganga - Brahmaputra plains. The Plateau extends from west to east. its further extensions are Bundelkhan, Ruhelkhand and Chota Nagpur, Bundealkhand and Ruhelkhand are in Southern Uttar Pradesh and Chota Nagpur is in Southern Bihar.

Onset of monsoon : With the northward shift in the position of the sun, the himalayan and the Tibetan highlands are excessively heated. This leads to be clockwise circulation in the middle troposphere. The two main streams of air flowing out of this landmass take opposite directions. One of them moves towards the Equator, and the other one moves towards the pole. The Equatorial flow from these highlands prevails over India as the Easterly jet stream and it replaces the air that crores the equator and reaches the west coast of India as South - West monsoon. This engulfs the entire sub-continent July 15th. It sets in over the Kerala coast by 1st June and moves to Bombay and Calcutta between 10-13th June.

Retreating monsoon season : The south - west monsoon begins to retreat from northern India by the second week of September. This retreat is highly gradual. This retreat also shows regional variations . The weather is characterised by high day temperatures but nights are pleasant with the mean minimum temperature going down to 20 deg. c or even lower. The diurnal range of temperature is more pronounced. several cyclonic storms develop in the Bay of Bengal, which move in a south - easterly to north - westerly direction. The cause heavy rainfall on the eastern coast. It withdraws itself fully from the region, except the southern Peninsula by mid October. The retreating monsoon picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and establishes itself over the Tamil Nadu coast as the north - east monsoon.

East Himalayan agro - climatic region : India is an agricultural country and development of this sector is very important for an overall development of the economy. The country has been divided into 15 agro-climatic zones on the basis of homogeneity in factors like soil type, rainfall, temperature, water resources. One of them is Eastern Himalayan agra - climatic region. The main objectives are to bring about a balance in demand and supply of major commodities by utilising the potential of each of them; maximise the net income of the producers; generate additional employment and provide the framework for substantial use of natural resources, especially, land, water and forests - a more scientific utilisation of resources to realise the unexploited potentials.

Planning region : A planning region is a segment of territory over which the economic development may be done on the pattern of planning. A planning region is generally based on the statistical data and it is collected by the administrative units. A planning region coincides with the administrative region such as State, Districts, Tehsils and Block. A planning region should have certain features in order to implement the economic plan and get its objectives fulfilled. It should have homogeneous economic structures (topographical and socio-cultural homogeneity).