CBSE ANNUAL PAPER - 1998

GEOGRAPHY

(SET-I)

Time Allowed : 3 Hours

Maximum Marks : 70

General Instructions :

(i) All questions are compulsory.

(ii) Marks for each question are indicated against it.

(iii) Question numbers 1 to 8 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer of each of these questions should not exceed 80 words.

(iv) Questions numbers 11 to 15 are also short - answer questions of 4 marks each. Answer of each of these questions should not exceed 120 words.

(v) Question 16,17 and 18 are long - answer questions of 5 marks each. Answer of these questions should not exceed 150 words.

(vi) questions 9, 10 and 19 contain test items of very short-answers i.e., answers varying from one word to a couple of sentences. Q. 9 and 10 are of 3 marks each and Q. 19 is of 5 marks.

(vii) Outline map of INDIA provided to you must be attached with you answer - book.

(viii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed.

(ix) Question numbers 9,10 and 19 are not for BLIND STUDENTS, but in lieu of these question number 20 is provided for them.

(X) Question No. 20 is for BLIND STUDENTS ONLY.

"The House in its design or internal plan reflects the social and cultural values of our people." State three facts which support the above statement.

Following facts is given below in support of the above statement :

(i) The design of the house itself shows the social status of the owner of the house. For e.g. a rich man having good social status and belongs to advance culture builds his house with burnt bricks, cement and concrete, such house has many rooms and spacious courtyard, it has double or even triple stories. Such houses are found in Western U.P., Haryana and Punjab where the farmers are rich and advanced.

(ii) The house of socially and culturally backward poor people is a single but with a single or double slope roofs. It has space for storing grain and for livestock and a room for the kitchen. The space in front is used as courtyard. Such houses are found in those regions where the shifting cultivation is still practised and where the village economy is still dependent on collection from the forests.

(iii) A characteristic feature of the Indian house type is the courtyard ( angan or uthan). It is universal. It is here the family performs most of the functions of their household. It is the main living space, for storing property, for privacy and for sleeping in winters. The courtyard has its varieties in the form of a porch or an overhanging verandah as an extension of the main house in the cold and wet highland regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Predesh, North East, Nagaland, etc.

Which racial group is the architect of the Indus Valley Civilisation ? Name its three subgroups. Which subgroups forms the bulk of the population in southern India ?

The Proto - Austratoids are believed to be the builders of the Indus Valley Civilisation as their skeletons have been discovered in Mohenjodaro and Harrappa. The Mediterraneans developed the Indus Valley and introduced the bronze and metal civilisation.

The three sub-groups of the Mediterraneans are :

Palaeo-Mediterraneans, Mediterraneans and Orients.

The Palaeo-Mediterraneans sub - groups today forms the bulk of the population of southern India.

How is the peninsular shape of our country helpful to us ? Give three reasons.

1. India is situated in the centre of the Indian Ocean . The Indian Ocean has been helpful, though earlier it was regarded as an impediment, in establishing her contacts both commercial and cultural with the South Asian, South West and South East Asian countries.

2. It has centrally located position with regard to Mediterranean lands of Europe.South - West Asia, South -Eat Asia and far East. The opening of suez Canal has brought closer to the countries of Europe and North West Africa. It has come close to far East such as Japan, Hongkong and China through Malaccan Strait. The oil producing countries of West Asia and Gulf countries are close to its West.

3. Hence, India enjoys a central position in the eastern hemisphere. Ships from West to far cast has to pass through the Indian Ocean. The far eastern countries following sea routes of Malaccan Strait and Suez Canal have to pass through the Indian sea waters. Hence, India enjoys the most central position in the Indian Ocean.

"Unity in diversity is the major feature of India." Explain the above statement by giving three examples from the major religions of India.

Unity and diversity of India are not opposites capable of growing at each other's cost. They are inter-linked and the one supports the other. This is the verdict of India's history and geography alike. This is basically wrong to say that Indians belong to sixx racial groups and nine sub-types. One can find all or some of these traits even in a single family. Actually, Indians are either vegetarians or non-vegetarians or godly or demonic in temperament as else where in the world depending largely on their food habits. Yet they are one united nation living under the same monsoonal region.

Language, the means of communication, is the most important manifestation of the social cohesion of a group. Linguistic diversity in India reflects regional differentiation, on the one hand and is an important factor in the formation of regions, on the other. The magnitude of linguistic diversity in the country has been over-stated. Only 23 out of 187 languages of India account for 97 % of the population. The regional structure as shown in the distribution of major languages is hierarchical in nature dialect regions nesting into sub-language regions, into language regions into linguistic family regions. The basic unit in the folk ethos is the dialect region which has persisted over long periods. The link between the language and the territory is brought out effectively by the fact that the local dialects have been, since ancient times to the present, designated by the geographic names of territories where they are spoken for e.g. Avanti, Prachaya, Bhojpuri, Dakhshinatya , Awadhi, Bundeli, Savraseni, and Natya Shastra. As Vidyalankar says, "The areas of Indian dialects and languages, as they are found today correspond with the ancient and medieval janpadas or janpadasanghas. They have grown out of the whole history of India." As we move to the higher levels of languages, we come across the four - fold regional division : (i) the Dravidian region of the South (ii) The Indo - Aryan region of the North and North - West, (iii) the Monkhmer and the Tiobeto Mayanmar region of the North - East and the Himalayas, and (iv) The Austric region of the Aravalli Vindhya Chottanagpur plateau complex. As katre says, " Achemical fusion not a physical mixture where the different components can be easily separated. During the last three thousand years. each of these distinct group of languages has come into close contact with the remaining groups, and out of this contact has arisen a vocabulary which shows a Pan-Indian characteristic". Thus, language have played a significant role in the process of national integration in the recent India. For e.g. Hinduism is a mixture of Hindi and Urdu us understood in all parts of India.

Which type of soils are derived from Deccan Lavas ? Explain two important characteristics of these soils.

Black soils are derived from Deccan Lavas. The three important characteristics of these soils are :

(i) These soils are formed by Java. These soils are also referred to as cotton soils or Regular soils, because cotton is the most suitable for cultivation. These soils formed by the solidification of lava spread over large areas during volcanic activities thousands of years ago on the Deacon plateau, Maharashtra, Madhya Predesh, Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Coromandel coastal plains and Andhra Pradesh are the major areas of Black soils.

(ii) Those soils are deep and impermeable. These soils are clayey and capable of sustaining moisture for long time. In dry and hot season moisture is evaporated and they develop cracks. During rains they become sticky.

Proportion of Scheduled Tribes & Scheduled Castes, 1991

Study carefully the table given above and then answer the following questions :

Which are the four States / Union Territories leading in the percentage of Scheduled Tribes population ?

What is the position of these States / Union Territories in the percentage of Scheduled Castes ?

What conclusion can be drawn from the answers to the above two questions ? Suggest one reason for the same.

The four Union Territories leading in the percentage of the scheduled tribes population are Mizoram (94.75), Lakshadweep (93.15), Nagaland (87.70) and Meghalaya (85.53).

The position of these Union Territories in the scheduled castes population is very -very low and even nil. In Lakshadweep and Nagaland the percentage of the scheduled castes population is nil Meghalaya has 0.51 and Mizoram has 0.10 % of the scheduled castes population which is very - very low as compared to the other regions.

The Union Territories (Lakshadweep, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland ) have the highest percentage of the scheduled tribes population. The reasons are many. The tribal population inhabit mainly the regions of low degree of accessibility and the areas which are unfavourable for agriculture. That's why they've a tendency of clustering and concentrating in the hilly and forested tracts of the country. These areas are socially and economically less advanced but they are rich in natural resources such as forests and minerals. The tribals have distinct cultures.

Study carefully the table given above and answer the following questions : -

What is the proportionate increase in the production of JOWAR during the period 1950-51 to 1993-94 ?

Which item given in the table is mainly responsible for the increased production ?

Suggest one reason for the decline in the area under JOWAR during the period 1950-51 to 1993-94.

There is a proportionate increase in the production of Jowar during the period 1950-51 to 1993-94. During 1950-51 the production of Jowar was 55 lakh tonnes and it has increased to 115 lakh tonnes during 1993 - 94. The increase in the production of Jowar has been almost two times as compared to the production during 1950 - 51.

Yield of Jowar is mainly responsible for the increased production.

Jowar is a coarse grain. It is grown both as Kharif and rabi crops. But it has been lagging behind in area ( under Jowar). It is an important grain for poor rural Indians. A vast part of the cultivates land is rainfed, therefore, there is need for stabilising the level of production. This is possible through adopting dry-farming techniques, conservation of soil moisture and water shed management. A number of projects are being undertaken to enhance its production.

Discuss the trend of urbanisation with special reference to post-independence India, citing three examples.

Study the table given above and then answer the following questions :

At the turn of century only one person out of every nine or ten was a city dweller. Using this same layman's language how will you explain in a single sentence the position of the urban population as obtained in 1991 ?

Compare very briefly the trend in the growth of urban population between 1901 and 1961 with that of 1961 and 1991.

Thus means that more and more people are moving towards the urban centres in search of better jobs and better amenities of life. This is why, there is an increased in the percentage of urban population (25.70 %) in 1991. This has also created the problem of housing and unemployment.

The growth of urban population is very strong in India. In 1901 the agriculture had reached near saturation points, the villagers began to move towards urban centres from villages in search of better jobs and livelihood. Since then, there has been an increase in the urban population of India. According to the census about 157,68 million people live in urban areas. In India in 1901, the percentage of urban population was 10.84. The largest number of urban people has been living in industrial towns. It has become 23-30 in 1981. Within a period of 80 years it has increased by 12.46 %. According to 1981 census, about 157.68 million people live in urban areas. The non-agricultural labourers, educated people and mostly male members are the parts of this population. According to 1961, the urban population percentage was 18 %. The urban population is concentrated in highly economic developed stages. For instance, Punjab is the most urbanised stage among the inland states of India. It has about 27.68 of urban population.

Write the names of the relief and drainage features marked in the map given below by 1,5,10,13,15 and 18.

The names of the relief and drainage features marked in the map given are :

1. - River Indus

5 - River Mahanadi

10 - Satpura Range

13 - Khasi Range

15 - Namacha Barwa

18 - Kanchenjunga

Keeping the given outline map as base, draw a free hand sketch - map of Bastar distric in your answer - book, and in it mark and label :

India is land of vast and varied natural resources such as vast cultivable soil, water, ground water, forest, animal and fodder, fish and marine, mineral, energy and human resources. Our predecessors as well as successors alike had and have claims over India's natural resources which at the present rate of exploitation may not last long. Hence the urgent need for natural resource conservation so that the tempo of national economic development may never suffer a set back.

For soil conservation judicious use of fertilisers and manures, rotation of crops, plantation of crops of leguminous variety, soil protect on against weathering and denudation contour ploughing, preservation of vegetation cover and protection against overgrazing are necessary. There should be soil reclamation also. For conservation of water resources there should proper water management, scientific means of irrigation, etc. The forest cover of India is far below the minimum level of 33 per cent of all land area. The actual forest cover of India is one of the lowest in the world. It is less than 11 per cent. This has led to land sliding particularly in the attachment areas of the rivers and soil gulling and luiching in the river valleys and plains of India. This has to be avoided. There should be rapid afforestation of river banks and alluvial plains and flanking bill slopes with indigenous trees and not fast growing exotic trees, otherwise India's rainfall regime will be spoilt beyond cure and the goal of 33 per cent forest cover must be achieve at the earliest possible date. Due to thoughtless afforestation with eucalyptus trees India's ground water level has gone down at an alarming rate. The author had force warned Smt. Indira Gandhi against it, but in vain. India is quite rich in some mineral resources such as coal, petroleum, iron ore, manganese, bauxite, commercial clays, thorium etc. and deficient in such minerals as tuagsten, nickel, silver, gold molybdenum, Zinc, copper uranium, beryl, cobalt, chromium etc. Hence substitutes of dencient minerals have to be discovered and export of industrially important minerals such as iron ore and manganese, should be either stopped or at least reduced to minimum.

State two characteristic features each of 'Western Himalayas' and 'Gangetic Delta'.

Western Himalayas : - They extend west of 80 deg. E longitude between the Indian and Kali rivers. These regions have a weak monsoon current, i.e. they receive an average annual rainfall of less than 200 cms. Alpine vegetation and coniferous trees are found because they have a high attitude.

Gangetic Delta : The Ganga delta marks the tail end of the North India Plain. This world's largest deltaic plain is conspicuous by its image of river courses which actually are the distributaries of the Ganga with Hoogly forming its western boundary and the Kali its eastern boundary in India, while in Bangla Desh the boundary of the Ganga Delta extends to the river Meghna. This is a plain of fine grained alluvium or heavy loams with a high humus content overgrown with Sundari plants a variety of dipterocarpace. Here rainfall is heavy and annual temperatures have a low range. This area is quite rich in wild life as district from the richness of domestic animals in the Punjab Plans.

What is the notion of development in the context of regional development ?

For each parameter, explain in one sentence only, how it influences development.

The notion or the idea of development in the context or regional development refers to a concept which aims at upgrading the living standard of people and condition of human welfare in a region. it increases the per capita income of that region. But the parameters of development differ from region to region. That's why some regions are more developed than the other. This leads to social as well as regional diversities.

(a) Natural environment (b) Technology and (c) Institutions

(a) Natural environment - It gives the direction of economic development and it limits the area of development.

(b) Technology - It limits the extent of production. Human beings interact with natural environment through technology.

(c) Institutions - They enhance the economic development of region. They should be dynamite in nature so that they may be transformed or modified with the changing time.

"Agriculture development in some regions of India is higher than in others." Give four reasons for the above statement and illustrate with examples.

Agriculture labour migrates seasonally from Bihar to Punjab specially because Bihar is land of too many natural hazards and God sent calamities such as flood, famine and drought while punjab is an area of surplus production. Secondly, the per capita income of a Bihari is among the lowest while that of a Punjabi is among the highest in India. Thirdly, the southern parts of Bihar are quite inhospitable because of mountains terrain, forests, proneness to malaria, and other epidemics, transport and travel difficulties. But Punjab has throughout fertile soils and has got excellent irrigation facilities. The punjabis are very hard working and the farm implement factories are dotted here and there in the state. Even then the sowing and harvesting seasons if Punjab are labour intensive, while the Punjabis outnumber people from other states in the army services and factories its northern India while the members of their Bihari counterpart art quite low. So on account of their poverty, dearth of lock employment opportunities on one hand much demand of farm hands in Punjab at the harvesting and sowing times on the other causes seasonal migration of agricultural labour from Bihar to Punjab inspite of terrorist menace.

Study the climatic data given on next page and answer the following questions :

Which station has the lowest mean annual range of temperature ? Why ?

Why does Delhi receive less annual rainfall than Bombay (Mumbai) ?

Compare the rainfall regimes of Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai).

Trivandrum has the lowest mean annual range of temperature of 2.5 deg. C and Trivendrum is a coastal area which doesn't register any significant seasonal changes in temperature. The influence of sea keeps them with equable temperature. Temperature of Trivendrum fluctuates very slightly. Sea gets heated and cooled down slowly because of conventional processes of heating and cooling and hence they remain warmer in winter and cooler in summers, keeping the coastal area equable in temperature. The warm ocean currents also keep this area with equable temperature throughout the year.

Delhi receives less annual rainfall than Bombay ( Mumbai) because of its deep continental situation as it is far removed from the sea at an attitude of over 600 ft. near the margin of the Great Indian Desert.

The Madras Coastal region lies on the eastern side of the Western Ghats. During summer, in Arabian sea South-West monsoon-branch strikes against the Western Ghats and false its maximum moisture on the western side of the Ghats. Hence, the Madras region remains dry. During winter, the North-East dry monsoon blow from the Central Asia toward Bay of Bengal, they pick up the moisture and bring rain (30.6 cm, 35cm etc. ) to this area. The retreating monsoon picks up moisture and establishes itself over Madras as the North-East monsoon.

Bombay - The distribution of annual rainfall in India is controlled by the relief features. Because of this reason, the highest amount if rainfall occur on The Western Chats Bombay falls in this area and it is near the Sea, so its gets the highest amount of rainfall. It decreases with the increasing distance from the sea. This region get rainfall at the onset of the monsoon.

Describe five important factors helping in the development of apple orchards in Himachal Pradesh.

The introduction of apple orchard was started in 20th century. Apple grows in temperate regions. Apple gardens are planted over mountain slopes. The main areas are shimla and Kulu. There is about 4 lakh tonnes of apple production in Himachal Predesh. There is great demand of apples in towns. Due to increase in demand more farmers are needed. thus there is an increase in the salary of the farmers and there is more scope of employment to unemployed youths. There are also H.P.M.C. stalls of apple juice at railway stations. The main varieties of apple in Himachal Pradesh are - Red Delicious, Beauty of Bath. Early Shaburry, Golden delicious red, etc. Due to these apple orchards the economic condition of Himachal has improved quite a lot because of high -yielding varieties which increase the production and produce more money and foreign currency.

The introduction of apple orchards in Himachal is indicative of a strategy of agricultural growth. Himachal produces wheat and millets and pulses. Mittets are low value crops. They are replaced by high-value crops. Apple orchards have replaced the millet crop. Apple is a nutritive fruit and is in great demand in urban areas. Its cultivation has increased the income of the farmers and has generated employment in packing, picking and processing of apples and helped the wage labour to earn a little higher wages.

State two facts which have helped in the growth of industrial clusters.

Describe three factors which have helped in the industrial development of Ahmedabad - Vadodara industrial region.

Industrial location depends upon geographical as well as non-geographical factors. While geographical factors include availability of raw-materials, power, congenial climate, abundant water supply etc., the non-geographical factors are (i) Capital (ii) efficient management (iii) nearness to market (iv) government policy and (v) historical factors

The three factors contributing to the development of Ahmedabad - Vadodra Industrial Region :

This Industrial Region has inland location. This belt extends between Ahmedabad - Vadodra and Bharuch and coincides with the cotton - growing areas of Gujrat.

(i) This region is located near the cotton growing areas of Gujarat.

(ii) It has the advantage of the esay availability of raw material sources and marketing centres of Ganga and Sutlet plains. The port of Kandla provides the facilities of export and import.

(iii) Cheap labour and cheap land for expansion are available from the densely populated areas of Ganga plain. The discovery of mineral oil in the gulf of Combay led to the establishment of Petro-chemicals complex around Vadodra and Ankleshwar. There are also textiles, pharmaceuticals and food processing industries. Ahmedabad, Surat, Bharuch and Vadodra are important industrial centres of this region.

"Road transport in India is not competitive but complementary to rail transport." Explain this statement by giving five arguments in its support.

Roads play a very important role in the movement of goods and passengers in India. The reasons are many. It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct roads. The investment is much less on roads. Negotiable goods can be brought to outdoor steps which is not possible with the railways. The roads act as feeders of railways. They link up the cultivator's holdings with the local markets and the nearest railway stations. Without good roads, railway can;t collect sufficient produce to make their operation possible. Perishable goods like vegetables and fruits are transported more easily and quickly than the railways. Road transport is more flexible. Trucks and buses can be used at any time and at any place unlike in the railways. This is the reason why road transport in India is considered more useful than rail transport.

On the outline map of INDIA provided to you, locate and label the following correctly :

Capital of Union Territory whose divisions are located both on the eastern and western coasts of India.

[ For BLIND STUDENTS only ( in lieu of Q. 9,10,19)]

Two mountain ranges located in eastern India are : Khasi Range and Garo Range.